.The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (or Maphungubgwe) (c.1075–1220) was a medieval state in South Africa located at the confluence of the and rivers, south of. The name is derived from either TjiKalanga and Tshivenda.

The name might mean 'Hill of Jackals'. The kingdom was the first stage in a development that would culminate in the creation of the in the 13th century, and with gold trading links to and on the African east coast. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe lasted about 80 years, and at its height the capital's population was about 5000 people. The Mapungubwe Collection is a museum collection of artifacts found at the archaeological site and is housed in the in.This archaeological site can be attributed to the BuKalanga Kingdom, which comprises the from northeast Botswana, the Kalanga from Western Zimbabwe, the Nambya on the Zambezi Valley, and the Vha Venda in the northeast of South Africa. They crossed the Limpopo River to the south, and established their kingdom where the Shashe and Limpopo conjoined (Sha-limpo). Contents.Origin The largest settlement from what has been dubbed the culture is known as K2 culture and was the immediate predecessor to the settlement of Mapungubwe. The people from K2 culture, probably derived from the ancestral culture , were attracted to the Shashi-Limpopo area, likely because it provided mixed agricultural possibilities.

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The area was also prime elephant country, providing access to valuable ivory. The control of the gold and greatly increased the political power of the K2 culture. By 1075, the population of K2 had outgrown the area and relocated to Mapungubwe Hill. Stone masonry Spatial organisation in the kingdom of Mapungubwe involved the use of stone walls to demarcate important areas for the first time. There was a stone-walled residence likely occupied by the principal councillor. Stone and wood were used together. There would have also been a wooden palisade surrounding Mapungubwe Hill.

Most of the capital's population would have lived inside the western wall. Origins of the name. Main article:The area is now part of, which in turn is part of the Greater. South Africa's contribution to the trans-frontier conservation area consists of the Mapungubwe National Park, Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, Limpopo Valley Conservancy, the proposed Mogalakwena Game Reserve, The Vhembe Game Reserve as well as a number of smaller private farms. The total proposed area will be 256,100 hectares or 53% of the entire Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Botswana's contribution to the Conservation Area consists of the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, covering an area of 71,173ha.

In phase two the area is expected to increase in size with the inclusion of the Central Tuli Farms and the proposed Shashe CCA. In addition, the area roughly extending from the town of Mathathane North to Kobojango and onwards to the Shashe River will also form part of the GMTFCA. In total Botswana's contribution to the TFCA is expected to be 135,000ha roughly 28% of the total area of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Sentinel Ranch, Nottingham Estate and the Tuli Circle Safari Area make up Zimbabwe's contribution to the GMTFCA. In phase two the Maramani, Machuchuta as well as Hwali Wildlife Management Areas may also be included extending the size of Zimbabwe's contribution to the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area to 96,000 hectares or roughly 19%.

Village Life vs City Life

There exists a clear difference between village life and city life. This is mainly because the ambiance created in the city is completely different from that of a village. This clearly impacts the way of life of the people in these two contexts. The experience of a villager is different to that of someone who lives in a city. The social relationships, work, bonds, opportunities, social mechanisms all are rather contrasting. Through this article let us examine the differences between village life and city life.

What is Village Life?

In a village, life is calm and quiet. People in the village know each other very well and have developed close bonds with others. Villagers are very friendly, warm-hearted and are ready to help others at all times. In a village during special occasions, all the villagers get together and help each other in preparations. Unlike in the cities where people keep to themselves in a village, there is a greater bond among villagers.

However in a village, there are fewer facilities in comparison to the city. Villagers usually have difficulty in transportation, education, and even medication. Most villages do not have fully equipped and modernized medical facilities. In some cases, the villagers have to travel long distances to reach the hospital or the medical center. Schools are also underdeveloped. Parents would be happy to send their children to cities for higher studies rather than to villages. Seeking employment can also be difficult in the village, because there are fewer opportunities.

What is City Life?

Unlike the village life, city life is endowed with a lot of advantages. This is because of the fact that there are a number of opportunities open to you in a city. City life is provided with a lot of facilities too. Cities are endowed with quality higher education institutions whereas villages are not endowed with high-quality colleges and universities.

In addition to schools and colleges, city life is preferred for improved medical facilities. If someone falls ill in the family, you tend to take him or her to a popular hospital in a city since villages are not equipped with the best of medical attention. The number of hospitals in a city and the facilities are far more when compared to that in a village. A city has banks, cinema theaters, parks, golf courses, sports stadiums, clubs, hotels and shopping malls.

The behavior of people in a city is different from that of the people in a village. People in a city are unfriendly, and they maintain distance from others. On the contrary, the people in villages are warm-hearted and friendly. Villagers receive you well whereas city-dwellers tend to be within doors. People in villages are very helpful in nature, but people living in cities tend to be more selfish in their attitude.

A city is characterized by various kinds of pollution such as noise pollution, visual pollution, and air pollution. This is due to that fact that there are a number of factories, industries and mills in a city than in villages. Hence, villages are endowed with pure air devoid of pollution. Also, visual and noise pollution are less in villages. These are the main differences between village life and city life.

What is the difference between Village Life and City Life?

• Definitions of Village Life and City Life:

• City life refers to living in a city.

• Village life refers to living in a village setting.

• Facilities:

• City life consists of a lot of facilities, but village life does not.

• Education:

• Cities are endowed with quality higher education institutions.

• Villages are not endowed with high-quality colleges and universities.

• Medical Facilities:

• City life provides improved medical facilities.

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• Village life does not.

• Employment:

• City life offers more opportunities in terms of employment, whereas village life does not.

• People:

• People in a city are unfriendly, and they maintain distant from others.

• However, the people in villages are warm-hearted and friendly.

• Helpful Nature:

• People living in cities tend to be more selfish in their attitude.

• Village does not suffer from pollution.

• Pollution:

• People in villages are very helpful in nature.

• A city is characterized by various kinds of pollution such as noise pollution, visual pollution, and air pollution.

Images Courtesy:

1. Shirakawa-gō, Gifu Japan by 663highland (CC BY 2.5)
2. Melbourne city by Markdoe (CC BY-SA 3.0)